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Historical Verification · Catholic Apologetics

The Councils

Every ecumenical and local council — their definitions, their canons, their apologetic significance.

451
Council of Chalcedon
Chalcedon, Bithynia
Ecumenical
431
Council of Ephesus
Ephesus, Asia Minor
Ecumenical
381
Council of Constantinople I
Constantinople
Ecumenical
325
Council of Nicaea I
Nicaea, Bithynia (modern Turkey)
Ecumenical
1215
Fourth Lateran Council
Lateran Palace, Rome
The greatest of the medieval councils — defined transubstantiation, mandated annual Confession and Communion, and defined papal primacy over all churches.
Ecumenical
680
Third Council of Constantinople
Constantinople (modern Istanbul)
The Sixth Ecumenical Council — condemned Monothelitism and defined that Christ has two wills, divine and human, in perfect harmony.
Ecumenical
553
Second Council of Constantinople
Constantinople (modern Istanbul)
The Fifth Ecumenical Council — condemned the Three Chapters and resolved the post-Chalcedonian crisis by clarifying that Chalcedon's two-natures definition applied to one divine person, not a human person joined to a divine one.
Ecumenical
451
Council of Chalcedon
Chalcedon, Bithynia (modern Kadıköy, Istanbul)
The Fourth Ecumenical Council — defined the two natures of Christ, fully human and fully divine, in one divine person. The most philosophically precise of the ecumenical Christological definitions, and the one most contested in the East.
Ecumenical
431
Council of Ephesus
Ephesus (modern Selçuk, Turkey)
The Third Ecumenical Council — defined that Mary is truly Theotokos, Mother of God, and condemned the Nestorian division of Christ into two persons. The most overtly Marian of the ecumenical councils, and the most popular in its immediate reception.
Ecumenical
381
First Council of Constantinople
Constantinople (modern Istanbul)
The Second Ecumenical Council — convened in AD 381 to complete the work of Nicaea, definitively condemning Arianism and defining the full divinity of the Holy Spirit. Produced the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed still recited at every Sunday Mass.
Ecumenical

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